{"id":9596,"date":"2026-01-06T08:55:58","date_gmt":"2026-01-06T08:55:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.library.sath.nhs.uk\/research\/?p=9596"},"modified":"2026-01-06T08:55:59","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T08:55:59","slug":"the-impact-of-smoking-on-outcomes-following-anterior-cruciate-ligament-reconstruction-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.library.sath.nhs.uk\/research\/2026\/01\/06\/the-impact-of-smoking-on-outcomes-following-anterior-cruciate-ligament-reconstruction-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"The Impact of Smoking on Outcomes Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2025)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Type of publication:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Systematic Review<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Author(s):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>*Ibrahim, Abdelrahman; Al-Musabi, Musab; Kabariti, Rakan; Kempe-Gowda, Swarna; Wade, Roger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Citation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cureus. 17(11):e96765, 2025 Nov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The influence of smoking on postoperative outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a topic of ongoing scientific discussion and uncertainty. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the outcomes between smokers and non-smokers undergoing this procedure. We conducted a systematic search of electronic information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and bibliographic reference lists. We applied a combination of free-text search and controlled vocabulary search adapted to thesaurus headings, search operators, and limits in each of the above-mentioned databases. Primary outcome parameters included surgical site infections, ACL graft rupture, revision rates, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). We identified 24 comparative studies, including a total of 672,241 patients, of whom 69,113 were in the smoker group and 603,128 were in the non-smoker group. The analysis revealed that smoking was associated with a significantly higher risk of surgical site infections (OR 1.40, P=0.01). Smokers also reported significantly worse PROMs on the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score (MD -5.38, P&lt;0.00001) and multiple Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome<br>Score (KOOS) subscales. There was no statistically significant difference between the two cohorts for ACL graft rupture or all-cause revision rates. Smoking appears to be associated with a higher risk of surgical site infections following ACL reconstruction and is linked to significantly poorer functional PROMs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>DOI:<\/strong> 10.7759\/cureus.96765<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/libkey.io\/libraries\/1791\/articles\/689237543\/full-text-file\">Link to full-text<\/a> [open access - no password required]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Type of publication: Systematic Review Author(s): *Ibrahim, Abdelrahman; Al-Musabi, Musab; Kabariti, Rakan; Kempe-Gowda, Swarna; Wade, Roger. Citation: Cureus. 17(11):e96765, 2025 Nov. Abstract: The influence of smoking on postoperative outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a topic of ongoing<span class=\"ellipsis\">&hellip;<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.library.sath.nhs.uk\/research\/2026\/01\/06\/the-impact-of-smoking-on-outcomes-following-anterior-cruciate-ligament-reconstruction-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-2025\/\">Read more <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">The Impact of Smoking on Outcomes Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2025)<\/span><span class=\"meta-nav\"> &#8250;<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p><!-- end of .read-more --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1001,200],"tags":[1085,1002,964,994],"class_list":["post-9596","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-open-access","category-staff-publication","tag-1085","tag-gold-open-access","tag-smoking","tag-trauma-and-orthopaedics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.library.sath.nhs.uk\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9596","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.library.sath.nhs.uk\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.library.sath.nhs.uk\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.library.sath.nhs.uk\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.library.sath.nhs.uk\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9596"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.library.sath.nhs.uk\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9596\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9597,"href":"https:\/\/www.library.sath.nhs.uk\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9596\/revisions\/9597"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.library.sath.nhs.uk\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9596"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.library.sath.nhs.uk\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9596"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.library.sath.nhs.uk\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9596"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}