Open access

Creatine Use and Thromboembolism Risk in Athletes: A Case Report (2025)

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Type of publication:

Journal article

Author(s):

*Abdalla, Osama S; *Mudassir, Haseeb; *Green, Hazel; *Katarki, Praveenkumar.

Citation:

Cureus. 17(12):e99242, 2025 Dec.

Abstract:

Creatine monohydrate (Cr) is a widely used supplement in the sports and fitness industry, with its popularity continuing to rise. It is well known for its ability to maintain high-energy phosphate levels during intense physical activity, thereby enhancing performance. Documented benefits of creatine supplementation include enhanced muscular development, neuroprotective effects in certain neurodegenerative conditions, and potential cardiovascular advantages. Nonetheless, a growing body of reports has raised concerns regarding possible adverse vascular effects, particularly an increased risk of thrombosis. This case underscores the potential thrombotic risks associated with creatine use and highlights the need to re-evaluate its safety profile. In addition, we provide an updated review of the literature regarding this potentially serious adverse effect.

DOI: 10.7759/cureus.99242

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Remote home cardiotocography: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2026)

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Type of publication:

Systematic Review

Author(s):

Le Vance, Jack; *Adeoye, Adekunle; Man, Rebecca; Eltaweel, Nashwa; Gurney, Leo; Morris, R Katie; Hodgetts Morton, Victoria.

Citation:

PLOS Digital Health. 5(1):e0001184, 2026 Jan.

Abstract:

Cardiotocography (CTG) is a common investigative modality in obstetrics to evaluate the fetal condition. Advancements in digital technology has enabled the innovation of CTG monitoring for usage in the home setting. This review aims to comprehensively examine the current evidence on the effectiveness and applicability of home antenatal CTG monitoring. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and PubMed databases were searched from inception to June 2025. Primary studies examining home antenatal CTG were included. For randomised controlled trials (RCTs), the joint primary outcomes were perinatal mortality and emergency caesarean section. For observational studies, the feasibility, diagnostic accuracy, qualitative and economic burden of home CTG were evaluated. RCTs were eligible for meta-analysis using risk ratio or mean difference, with 95% confidence intervals. Included observational studies were narratively described due to significant methodological heterogeneity. 39 studies (28 observational, seven RCTs and four qualitative studies), comprising of 7240 participants were included. Home antenatal CTG monitoring was non-inferior to conventional care across all meta-analysed maternal, perinatal and healthcare usage outcomes. GRADE assessments were low/very low quality of evidence. Home CTG monitoring was feasible in several settings and remote interpretation was graded as moderate to excellent. Transmission failures were frequently low but commonly occurred due to infrastructure and/or equipment errors. Remote CTG monitoring demonstrated comparative capabilities to conventional CTG with respect to coincidence and beat-to-beat variability. Overall acceptability ratings were high for patient and providers. Often implementation costs were high but accrued back by non-fixed savings when compared against routine care. High-quality studies were underrepresented, particularly when assessing service-led and safety outcomes. Home antenatal CTG monitoring demonstrates noninferiority to conventional care across several outcomes, representing a promising avenue for antenatal management However, current evidence is of low quality and additional high-quality evidence with sufficient methodological detail and standardised outcome assessment is required prior to making definitive recommendations.

DOI: 10.1371/journal. pdig.0001184

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Chronic Infective Endocarditis Linked to Staphylococcus epidermidis Infection of a Pacemaker Lead: A Case Report (2025)

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Type of publication:

Journal article

Author(s):

*Abdalla, Osama S; *Idris, Ghada; *Ekanayake, Darshani; *Khallaf, Laila; *Adjepon, Charlotte.

Citation:

Cureus. 17(12):e99028, 2025 Dec.

Abstract:

The diagnosis and management of pacemaker-related infective endocarditis present significant challenges, with limited available data. Accurately attributing a systemic infection to pacemaker endocarditis can be difficult, particularly in identifying vegetations and obtaining positive blood cultures from patients who have undergone non-specific antibiotic therapy. Moreover, such infections may manifest long after pacemaker implantation. Herein, we present a male patient in his 70s, with a history of pacemaker placement, who was admitted with a three-month history of fever and chills, having already completed two courses of empirical antibiotics prior to admission. Upon hospital admission, he was treated for an infection of unknown origin with intravenous antibiotics. Initial laboratory evaluations indicated leucocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein levels; however, blood cultures and infectious serologies returned normal results. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis was deemed unremarkable, and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) also yielded normal findings. The empirical antibiotic regimen was discontinued, leading to three sets of blood cultures being subsequently positive for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis. A transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) was performed, revealing vegetation on the pacemaker lead. The patient received a triple antibiotic therapy and underwent device removal; subsequent blood cultures were negative following a four-week antibiotic course. A new pacemaker was implanted, and the patient has since remained asymptomatic. This case illustrates that coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis can infect pacemaker leads even long after installation, potentially leading to an indolent course of infective endocarditis that is difficult to diagnose and manage. Consequently, clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for pacemaker infective endocarditis in patients presenting with prolonged fever.

DOI: 10.7759/cureus.99028

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Autonomic Nervous System Dysregulation in Metabolic Syndrome: An Association With Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk (2025)

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Type of publication:

Systematic Review

Author(s):

Soomra, Hoor; Mukhtar, Asad; *Asif, Fatima; Khalid, Ayesha; Noureen, Sadia; Qamar, Zeeshan; Haider, Usman.

Citation:

Cureus. 17(12):e98932, 2025 Dec.

Abstract:

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiometabolic abnormalities, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure, that increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Autonomic imbalance, characterized by increased sympathetic activity and reduced parasympathetic tone, is proposed to play an important role in the development of hypertension and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with MetS. This systematic review evaluates the association between autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation and MetS. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library for studies published from January 2015 to September 2025. Eligible studies included human research that examined measures of autonomic function such as heart rate variability (HRV), baroreflex sensitivity, muscle sympathetic nerve activity, and plasma catecholamine levels at rest in individuals with MetS. Observational and interventional studies were included. Data were extracted and synthesized narratively. A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most included studies reported reduced HRV, impaired baroreflex sensitivity, increased resting sympathetic nerve activity, and elevated plasma catecholamines in participants with MetS, suggesting a consistent association between ANS dysregulation and blood pressure elevation. However, causality could not be established due to the predominantly observational study designs. Current evidence indicates a significant association between autonomic dysfunction and MetS, particularly in relation to hypertension and increased cardiovascular risk. ANS biomarkers may support refined cardiometabolic risk stratification, although further prospective and mechanistic studies are needed to clarify causal pathways.

DOI: 10.7759/cureus.98932

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Checkpoint Inhibitors and Beyond: A Systematic Review of Immunotherapy in Cutaneous Malignancies (2025)

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Type of publication:

Systematic Review

Author(s):

Rashid, Yasir; Devi S, Kartika; Gonzalez-Espinosa, Tomas Faustino; Jain, Juhi; Dalain, Mujahed; Baig, Rayyan; D'Amico, Giuseppe Antonio; Mowo-Wale, Adetola G; Khomchenko, Mariia; Baby, Nima; *Yateem, Dana; Duhamel, Axel; Ali, Ramsha.

Citation:

Cureus. 17(12):e98959, 2025 Dec.

Abstract:

Skin cancers represent a major health concern, and there is a need for more effective treatment approaches, among which immune checkpoint inhibitors have become a particularly important recent development. This study aimed to explore the efficacy and tolerability of immune checkpoint inhibitors, intratumoral immunotherapies, targeted agents, and their combinations in advanced cutaneous malignancies. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-conform review of PubMed (2012-2024) identified 26 studies, including randomized trials, observational cohorts, network meta-analyses, and systematic reviews, evaluating checkpoint inhibitors, anti-PD-1/PD-L1and anti-CTLA-4. Outcomes included progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), biomarkers, and treatment-related adverse events. This meta-analysis of 26 studies (2012-2024) evaluated treatments for cutaneous malignancies, including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), covering systemic immunotherapies (PD-1, CTLA-4), combination checkpoint inhibitors, and novel approaches like IL-12 electroporation. Melanoma: PD-1 therapies showed durable benefits; ipilimumab retreatment yielded 42% two-year survival. MCC: Avelumab achieved a median OS of 12.9 months. cSCC: Nivolumab PFS 8.2 months; cemiplimab 12-month PFS >53%. Targeted therapy: BRAF/MEK inhibitors reached OS ~33 months. Emerging strategies: TIL-based and neoadjuvant immunotherapy showed high pathological and durable responses. Overall, combination therapies consistently outperformed monotherapies in survival and response. Adverse events were common, especially with combination therapy, with severe immune-related toxicities reported in 30-59% of cases, while monotherapies were generally safer. Overall, immunotherapy offers substantial, often long-lasting benefits, though careful patient selection and monitoring are essential to balance efficacy and toxicity. Combination immunotherapies and targeted regimens are more effective for advanced melanoma, although they have increased toxicity.

DOI: 10.7759/cureus.98959

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Short-Term Functional Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty According to Their Body Mass Index (2026)

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Type of publication:

Journal article

Author(s):

Bhakar, Ranj; Chakrapani, Arjun S; Shaik, Arfaz; Alexander, Aaron; *Murugesan, Thivagar; Anbazhagan, Prasanna Kumar; Ghent, Dan.

Citation:

Cureus. 18(1):e101269, 2026 Jan.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and short-term outcomes following primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA), including functional improvement, perioperative variables, and postoperative complications.

METHODOLOGY: A retrospective case-control study was conducted at a tertiary orthopedic center on 525 consecutive patients who underwent primary unilateral TKA for osteoarthritis between January 2019 and December 2023. Patients were classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) BMI criteria: normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2), and obese (>=30.0 kg/m2). Collected data included demographics, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), operative time, length of hospital stay, change in Knee Society Score (DELTAKSS) at 12 months, patient-reported outcome measures, satisfaction, revision surgery, and postoperative complications. Between-group comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and chi-square or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables, with significance set at p < 0.05.

RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were comparable across BMI groups, except for higher ASA scores and HbA1c levels in obese patients (p < 0.05). Obese patients had significantly longer operative times (95.9 +/- 16.8 minutes) and hospital stays (4.8 +/- 1.2 days) than normal-weight patients (83.6 +/- 14.1 minutes; 3.9 +/- 1.0 days, p < 0.01). All BMI groups demonstrated significant improvement in DELTAKSS at 12 months, although the gain was lowest in obese patients (34.7 +/- 10.5 vs. 41.2 +/- 9.6; p = 0.012). Overall complications were highest in the obese group with 16 patients (9.1%), followed by nine patients (5.1%) in the overweight group and seven patients (4.0%) in the normal-weight group, with wound-related issues being the most common. Revision surgery occurred in one (0.6%) obese patient, and no mortality was reported.

CONCLUSION: Higher BMI was associated with longer operative times, prolonged hospital stays, increased wound complications, and slightly reduced functional improvement and satisfaction at 12 months after primary TKA. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing metabolic status before surgery and emphasize the need for individualized perioperative risk assessment in patients undergoing knee arthroplasty.

DOI: 10.7759/cureus.101269

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Vascular Eagle's syndrome: difficult diagnosis in patient with recurrent transient ischaemic attack. (2026)

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Type of publication:

Journal article

Author(s):

Lyons, T; *Saunders, T; Littleton, E; Monksfield, P; Tiwari, A.

Citation:

Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2026 Jan 12.

Abstract:

Eagle's syndrome describes the elongation of the styloid process. The condition has been recognised for over 90 years and causes a wide range of symptoms depending on the level of compression. Compression of the internal carotid artery by the styloid process is referred to in the literature as 'stylocarotid syndrome' or 'vascular Eagle's syndrome' (VES), presenting most commonly as arterial dissection and cerebrovascular events. We present the case of a 53-year-old patient who presented with multiple cerebrovascular events over a six-month period. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) suggested VES; however, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the neck revealed no arterial wall abnormalities, including dissection. Despite the escalation of medical therapy, the patient continued to experience multiple transient ischaemic attacks. Following multidisciplinary team discussion and exclusion of other sources of emboli, a transcervical styloidectomy was performed freeing compression of the carotid artery, resulting in the complete resolution of symptoms. VES should be considered in patients with recurrent or unexplained cerebrovascular or cervical neurogenic symptoms even in the absence of arterial injury. We recommend early styloidectomy when there is a strong clinical suspicion of VES to achieve definitive symptom resolution.

DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2025.0113

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Tumour immune microenvironment prognostic factors in locally advanced rectal cancer, a systematic review (2025)

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Type of publication:

Journal article

Author(s):

Ball, Alasdair; *Lefroy, Rebecca; Price, Malcolm; McArthur, David; Beggs, Andrew.

Citation:

Frontiers in Oncology. 15:1688696, 2025.

Abstract:

Introduction: Understanding factors influencing individual survival outcomes following surgical resection of locally advanced (LARC) rectal cancer remains challenging. Novel biomarkers could show emerging promise in this setting. This study aimed to systematically review the literature on immune prognostic factors in LARC.

Methods: The review protocol was preregistered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42023460541). Included studies were required to report overall survival and at least one immune prognostic factor for at least ten patients with LARC. Final searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Central were concluded on 8th September 2023. The risk of bias was assessed using the QUIPS tool.

Results: 22 retrospective cohort studies involving 2,622 LARC patients were included in the review. We did not find any published data on immune prognostic factors in locally recurrent rectal cancer. Due to inconsistency of immune prognostic factor definitions and measurement methods, meta-analysis would not be meaningful. Instead, the results are presented descriptively. Risk of bias was concentrated in the participation, attrition, and confounding domains. Greater cytotoxic cell infiltration was associated with improved overall survival. There was inconsistent evidence of an association of PD-L1 expression and survival. M2 macrophage infiltration and homozygous germline FPR1 loss-of-function were associated with worse survival.

Discussion: These findings support a role for both innate and acquired immune systems in mediating outcomes following surgery for LARC and suggest that further work into immunomodulation may show promise in improving LARC treatment.

DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1688696

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Artificial Intelligence in Colonoscopy: A Systematic Review of Adenoma Versus Polyp Detection Rates (2025)

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Type of publication:

Systematic Review

Author(s):

Rabba, Waseem; *Asif, Fatima; Younis, Muhammad Y; Nasrullah, Haris; Fatima, Laraib; Arif, Muhammad A.

Citation:

Cureus. 17(12):e98528, 2025 Dec.

Abstract:

Colonoscopy is the gold standard in the prevention of colorectal cancer, but the miss rates of adenoma are high, which restricts its efficacy. To improve lesion recognition, artificial intelligence (AI), especially computer-aided detection (CADe) systems, has been introduced. The aim of this systematic review was to compare AI-assisted colonoscopy in terms of its ability to improve adenoma detection rate (ADR) and polyp detection rate (PDR). An extensive search was performed on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library from 2015 to 2025. There were 17 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the use of AI-assisted colonoscopy with normal colonoscopy. The methodological quality measure of the included RCTs was Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 (RoB 2.0), which subdivided the studies based on low risk, some concerns, or high risk of bias based on whether they were biased in this or that domain. The robVis tool was used to produce the visual summaries. AI-aided colonoscopy effectively enhanced both adenoma detection rate (ADR) and polyp detection rate (PDR) in all of the included studies over conventional colonoscopy. In adenoma detection, accuracy was more than 85%, and in polyp detection, more than 90%. The advantage was also found especially in the detection of small and flat adenomas, which are very often missed in routine practice. The use of AI in colonoscopy is strongly associated with an increase in the detection rate of adenoma and polyps, minimizing the risk of underdiagnosis. The results highlight the clinical promise of AI in the form of a decision-support tool across gastroenterologists and suggest that AI can be applied to enhance the outcomes of preventive and screening colorectal cancer. Future research should be cost-efficient and practical, and combined with some clinical activities.

DOI: 10.7759/cureus.98528

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Functional and Radiological Outcomes Following Volar Locking Plate Fixation for Distal Radius Fractures: A Prospective Analytical Study (2025)

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Type of publication:

Journal article

Author(s):

Mohankumar, Mahesh; *Murugesan, Thivagar; Balamurugan, P; Venkadesh, A; Vishal, M; Muralikrishnan, R.

Citation:

Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports. 15(12):421-429, 2025 Dec.

Abstract:

Introduction: Most frequent injuries of the Upper limb are a distal radius fracture (DRF). If they aren't handled well, they might cause problems for a long time. There are several techniques to treat this issue, but volar locking plate fixation has become increasingly prevalent since it may restore anatomical alignment, provide stable fixation, and allow for early movement. This study aimed to evaluate the functional and radiological results of distal end radius fractures treated with volar locking plate
fixation.

Materials and Methods: In this prospective analytical investigation, 60 patients with DRFs, ranging in age from 18 to 80 years, were enrolled. Patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation using volar locking devices. Functional results are evaluated using the Gartland and Werley Demerit Point System and goniometry. Radial length, radial inclination, palmar tilt, and articular step-off were employed to quantify radiological outcomes. Follow-up evaluations were conducted at 2, 4, and 6 weeks, in addition to 6 months. We used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20 to analyze the data and discovered that P < 0.05 was significant.

Results: Patients exhibited substantial improvement in wrist function across all planes of motion, with plantar flexion rising from 31.6degree at 2 weeks to 67.8degree at 6 months, and dorsiflexion from 31.7degree to 66.4degree. Supination and pronation also became a lot better, becoming close to normal levels after 6 months. The radiographic restoration was good, with a mean radial length of 8.8 mm, an inclination of 17.6degree, and a palmar tilt of 8.9degree. There were very few complications (6.7% arthritis, 6.7% malunion).

Discussion: Our results support previous research showing volar plating offers robust fixation, restores anatomical alignment, and facilitates early mobility. Correlation study revealed that palmar tilt and articular congruity substantially impacted functional recovery, emphasizing the need of meticulous surgical reduction.

Conclusion: Volar locking plate fixation is an effective treatment for DRFs, characterized by low complication rates and excellent functional and radiological outcomes.

DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2025.v15.i12.6578

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