2025

intra-Peritoneal Gallstone Leading to Chronic Sinus Formation Following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy and Common Bile Duct Exploration - Rare Case Report (2025)

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Type of publication:

Conference abstract

Author(s):

*Lakshmipathy G.; *Parampalli U.; *Pattar J.;

Citation:

British Journal of Surgery. Conference: AUGIS Annual Scientific Meeting. Glasgow United Kingdom. 112(Supplement17) (pp xvii23-xvii24), 2025. Date of Publication: 01 Dec 2025.

Abstract:

Background: Dropped gallstones can be a common occurrence during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, only 3% patients develop abscess secondary to intra-peritoneal spilled gallstone. We report the case of a 41-year-old woman who suffered with persistent intra-abdominal collections and sinus tract discharge following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Case Presentation: Our patient originally underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy and common bile duct (CBD) exploration for CBD stones. Two weeks later, she underwent incision and drainage procedure for port site abscess. Three years later, she re-presents with right upper quadrant pain, discharge through the umbilical wound and raised inflammatory markers. Computed Tomography (CT) scan revealed a collection postero-lateral to the right lobe of the liver, which was then drained through interventional radiology. Despite drainage, patient re-attends with recurrence of pain, a repeat CT scan confirmed a persistent peri-hepatic collection likely secondary to retained intra-peritoneal gallstone. Patient underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, in which, the collection was tracked by flushing radiological drain and then the stone was retrieved. Patient recovered well. Discussion(s): Diagnosis of an intra-peritoneal gallstone following cholecystectomy and CBD exploration can be hampered by unusual clinical presentations, radiologically occult nature of stones and the vast area they can settle into. Whilst rare, retained intra-peritoneal gallstones have the potential to cause economic burden to the health service, in addition to, the physical and psychological impact on the patient. Our case demonstrates that it is imperative to be meticulous in clearance of bile and stone spillage all cases of cholecystectomy with CBD exploration.

DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znaf270.088

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Interventions to preserve beta cell function in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: An updated descriptive analysis of time trends in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) identified in a systematic review (2025)

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Type of publication:

Conference abstract

Author(s):

Beese S.E.; Gerard C.; Narendran P.; Price M.J.; Quinn L.; Gada R.; *Horgan T.J.; Andrews R.C.; Moore D.J.; Tomlinson C.; Sharma P.; Harris I.M.; Adriano A.; Maggs F.; Burrows M.;

Citation:

Diabetic Medicine. Conference: Diabetes UK Professional Conference 2025. Glasgow . 42(Supplement 1) (no pagination), 2025. Date of Publication: 01 Feb 2025.

Abstract:

Aims: In newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, residual beta cell function (indicated by c-peptide) is associated with improved glucose control and reduced long-term complications. We assessed time trends in RCTs of categories of interventions for beta cell preservation in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Method(s): RCTs of any intervention for newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes measuring c-peptide were identified in Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and trials registries (to July 2024). Trends in trial characteristics were assessed, focusing on types of intervention. Result(s): The 171 completed published trials were distributed across non-antigen-specific (NAS) immunomodulatory therapies (n = 60, 33%), vitamins (n = 23, 13%), antigen-specific immunotherapies (n = 20, 11%), interventions to maintain glucose control (n = 38, 21%) and 'other' interventions (n = 39, 22%). A further 102 ongoing/ unpublished trials were included. Over 40 years, RCT frequency has increased, with 54 trials published between 2011 and 2020 and 39 since 2021. Twenty-four ongoing trials of 'other' interventions and 19 NAS trials have been initiated since 2021. Average sample size per trial has increased from 63 (SD 66) prior to 2014 to 83 (SD 110) in the last 10 years. Taking the NAS group as an example, time from completion of data collection to publication has increased. Trials with significant primary endpoint results are published 6 months quicker than non-significant findings (mean 17.6 vs 23 months). The number of NAS trials with significant results has risen from 40% (13/33) to 61% (16/26). Conclusion(s): RCTs of therapies to preserve beta cells are increasing in frequency with greater focus on NAS interventions and therapies not easily fitting standard categories. Significant findings may be published sooner.

DOI: 10.1111/dme.15498

An Electromyographic Study Comparing Muscle Function During Supination and Pronation of the Forearm (2025)

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Type of publication:

Journal article

Author(s):

Kondi, Suresh; *Murugesan, Thivagar; Postans, Neil; Thumri, Paavana; Kantamaneni, Ketan; Ansari, Shahbaz; Pickard, Simon.

Citation:

Cureus. 18(1):e101255, 2026 Jan.

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Forearm pronation and supination are fundamental movements essential for daily activities and clinical applications. While supinator and biceps brachii contribute to supination, and pronator quadratus and pronator teres facilitate pronation, the precise activation patterns and torque-dependent recruitment strategies of these muscles remain incompletely understood. Conflicting evidence exists regarding muscle contribution at varying load conditions, with implications for rehabilitation protocols, surgical planning, and prosthetic design.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to quantify and compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity of forearm rotator muscles during isometric contraction under progressively increasing torque loads during both supination and pronation movements.

METHODS: Four healthy right-handed subjects (3 males, 1 female; mean age 32.5 years) underwent simultaneous EMG and motion capture recording. Surface electrodes captured activity from biceps brachii, triceps, pronator teres, and pronator quadratus, while fine-wire electrodes measured supinator muscle activity. Participants maintained a neutral forearm position against applied loads of 1 kilogram positioned at increasing distances (10-35 cm) from the supination axis, creating progressively higher torques. EMG signals were filtered, rectified, normalized, and analyzed using root mean square values across three trials per loading condition.

RESULTS: During supination resistance, the supinator demonstrated higher activation at lower torques compared to the biceps brachii. As applied torque increased, the biceps brachii activity increased proportionally more than the supinator, indicating load-dependent recruitment. Triceps showed increased co-activation for joint stability. During pronation resistance, the pronator quadratus exhibited greater activity at lower torques relative to the pronator teres. With increasing torque, the pronator teres demonstrated relatively greater activation increases than the pronator quadratus. Both movement patterns demonstrated progressive recruitment of multi-joint muscles as torque demands increased.

CONCLUSIONS: This pilot EMG study (n=4) provides preliminary descriptive evidence suggesting that supinator and pronator quadratus primarily govern low-torque forearm rotation, while biceps brachii and pronator teres become increasingly dominant during high-torque demands. These observed patterns are consistent with a hierarchical muscle recruitment strategy optimized for mechanical efficiency and joint stability. Understanding these activation patterns may have potential clinical applications for rehabilitation protocol design following nerve injury or tendon rupture, surgical planning for nerve transfer procedures, and development of myoelectric prosthetic control algorithms.

DOI: 10.7759/cureus.101255

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Audit of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Operative Notes in a DGH (2025)

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Type of publication:

Conference abstract

Author(s):

*Ramesh S.; *Magalong J.A.; *Parampalli U.

Citation:

British Journal of Surgery. Conference: AUGIS Annual Scientific Meeting. Glasgow United Kingdom. 112(Supplement17) (pp xvii60), 2025. Date of Publication: 01 Dec 2025.

Abstract:

Introduction: Operation notes are essential documents in patient care. The use of standardized guidelines, such as those endorsed by recognized organizations, is crucial to ensure consistent and detailed record-keeping. Documenting parameters specific to laparoscopic cholecystectomy provides valuable information for management in the event of complications and it also provides direction for follow-up care. Aim(s): This audit aims to assess the quality of laparoscopic cholecystectomy operative notes in our trust by comparing them against NHS England's GIRFT (Getting It Right Rirst-Time) recommendations. It also aims to Identify areas for improvement and implement targeted interventions. Method(s): A retrospective audit of 78 laparoscopic cholecystectomy operative notes conducted in 2024 were selected by systematic random sampling. Data were compared against GIRFT recommendations. After intervention, a re-audit of 78 laparoscopic cholecystectomy operative notes from 2025 was done using the same methodology and compared against initial audit. Result(s): Significant improvement was observed in the re-audit compared to the initial audit, after intervention in the form of surgeon education and use of modified operation note proforma specific to laparoscopic cholecystectomy was implemented. Documenting significant steps involved in Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for example, details of calot's triangle dissection, details of bile/gallstone spill and its management and mention of port used to extract gallbladder increased by 13%, 42%, and 48%, respectively. Conclusion(s): This audit demonstrates a significant improvement in operative note quality by implementing interventions from an initial audit, emphasising the importance of use of recommendations issued by GIRFT. Audits should be conducted at regular intervals to sustain improvements.

DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znaf270.230

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Lesser Omental Infarction: A Rare Cause of Intraperitoneal Focal Fat Infarction (IFFI) (2025)

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Type of publication:

Conference abstract

Author(s):

*Ramesh S.; *Jayaramegowda A.K.

Citation:

British Journal of Surgery. Conference: AUGIS Annual Scientific Meeting. Glasgow United Kingdom. 112(Supplement17) (pp xvii18), 2025. Date of Publication: 01 Dec 2025.

Abstract:

Lesser Omental Infarction is a rare type of Intraperitoneal Focal Fat Infarction (IFFI) caused by the cut-off of blood supply to the fat tissue in the lesser omentum. Patients typically present with symptoms and signs mimicking more serious conditions such as perforated gastric ulcer, pancreatitis, or cholecystitis. This report aims to share insights into the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies for patients with this condition. A 29-year-old gentleman presented with complaints of upper abdominal pain for two days, radiating to the right side. On abdominal examination, there was a soft but tender right hypochondrium. The patient was admitted with a provisional diagnosis of cholecystitis. Blood investigations were unremarkable, except for an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). Ultrasound abdomen study was normal and ruled out gallbladder pathology. A CT scan of the abdomen suggested lesser omental infarction secondary to torsion. The patient was managed conservatively with analgesics and discharged after resolution of symptoms. Radiological imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosing lesser omental infarction. If missed, the patient may undergo unnecessary investigations and Interventions. When accurately diagnosed, most cases can be managed conservatively with analgesia. Surgical intervention is rarely required and is reserved for cases where devitalized tissue forms an abscess that does not resolve with conservative management.

DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znaf270.065

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Use of GLP-1 analogues in Prader-Willi syndrome with type 2 diabetes: Tackling the underlying pathogenetic mechanism (2025)

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Type of publication:

Conference abstract

Author(s):

*Basavaraju N.; *Jones A.; *Wilkes V.; *Singh P.; *Moulik P.

Citation:

Diabetic Medicine. Conference: Diabetes UK Professional Conference 2025. Glasgow . 42(Supplement 1) (no pagination), 2025. Date of Publication: 01 Feb 2025.

Abstract:

Background and Aims: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder causing hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, hyperphagia resulting in weight gain, short stature and mild cognitive impairment. We present two cases of PWS and role of GLP-1 analogues. Material(s) and Method(s): Retrospective review of two cases. Case 1: A 31-year-old female with PWS at the age of 7 years, learning difficulty, type 2 diabetes at 28 years, treated with metformin, linagliptin. She continued to gain weight despite calorie restriction, commenced on Semaglutide. Case 2: A 25-year-old female with PWS at age of 4 years, type 2 diabetes at 18 years, treated with metformin. Due to suboptimal glycaemic control, empagliflozin and liraglutide started. Result(s): Case 1: At initiation of Semaglutide, weight 93 kg, BMI 43.6 kg/m2, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 106 mmol/mol (ref: 20-41). Twenty months on GLP-1 analogue, weight reduced by 21 kg, and HbA1c was 38 mmol/mol with reduction in appetite and positive change in eating habits. Case 2: At initiation of liraglutide, weight 91 kg, BMI 35 kg/ m2, HbA1c 72 mmol/mol. Six months later appetite, food cravings reduced; HbA1c 65 mmol/mol, weight stable. Conclusion(s): PWS is associated with high ghrelin, low insulin levels, visceral adiposity resulting in hyperphagia causing altered glucose metabolism predisposing to cardiovascular complications. Mainstay of treatment is behavioural modifications posing stress to patient and caregiver. There is no approved pharmacological management for this aspect of PWS. Systematic review on use of GLP-1 analogues with PWS showed improved glycaemic control, reduced appetite, without any significant side effects. Our patients showed improvements with metabolic control of type 2 diabetes, reducing food cravings. Further studies are required to explore exact mechanism of ghrelin suppression by GLP-1 analogues in PWS.

DOI: 10.1111/dme.15498

Effect of high altitude on glucose and continuous glucose monitoring in insulin-treated diabetes: A case study (2025)

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Type of publication:

Conference abstract

Author(s):

*Basavaraju N.; *Jones A.; *Wilkes V.; *Singh P.; *Moulik P.

Citation:

Diabetic Medicine. Conference: Diabetes UK Professional Conference 2025. Glasgow . 42(Supplement 1) (no pagination), 2025. Date of Publication: 01 Feb 2025.

Abstract:

Background: Hypobaric hypoxia and low temperatures at high altitude can cause hyperglycaemia or hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes, inaccuracy with capillary blood glucose monitoring and insulin freezing. At altitude, even mild neuroglycopaenia could have serious effects. Case: A 65-year-old lady with post-pancreatitis diabetes, treated with only basal insulin Glargine travelled on a skiing holiday 3000 feet above sea level. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data 2 weeks before, 1 week during and 2 weeks after travel and ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) data were analysed. Mean glucose readings increased from 9.7 to 10.7 mmol/L with activity, level 2 time above range and level 1 time above range increased from 9% and 30% to 15% and 37%, respectively, time in range reduced from 61% to 48% post-high altitude travel. There was pronounced dawn phenomenon and postprandial glucose rise particularly after breakfast during high altitude travel. Glargine dose remained unchanged. These changes reverted back to baseline after descent. Discussion(s): Acute mountain sickness and hypoxia stimulates sympathoadrenergic activity and production of epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol. This inhibits skeletal muscle glucose uptake, stimulates muscle glycogenolysis and increases lactate production resulting in increased glucose production by liver. Increased insulin sensitivity at high altitude may be due to exercise induced upregulation of skeletal muscle GLUT4 receptor translocation. One study demonstrated high resting level of norepinephrine, glucose, c-peptide and cortisol levels on sudden ascent which normalised after acclimatisation. Cold temperature is more detrimental in accuracy of glucose measurement than hypoxia. One CGM study has shown similar increase in nocturnal glucose at high altitude. Literature on management of insulin-treated diabetes at high altitude is sparse and warrants further studies.

DOI: 10.1111/dme.15498

Interventions to preserve beta cell function in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of non-antigen-specific immunotherapies (2025)

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Type of publication:

Conference abstract

Author(s):

Beese S.E.; Narendran P.; Price M.J.; Tomlinson C.; Sharma P.; Harris I.M.; Adriano A.; Andrews R.C.; Moore D.J.; Quinn L.; Gada R.; *Horgan T.J.; Maggs F.; Burrows M.

Citation:

Diabetic Medicine. Conference: Diabetes UK Professional Conference 2025. Glasgow . 42(Supplement 1) (no pagination), 2025. Date of Publication: 01 Feb 2025.

Abstract:

Background: Type 1 diabetes is characterised by destruction of pancreatic beta cells. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of immunotherapies for preserving residual beta cell function through c-peptide measurement in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Method(s): A systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) was undertaken of RCTs of non-antigen-specific immunotherapies to preserve beta cells in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Searches were carried out in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL and trial registries (31 July 2024). Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 1. A frequentist NMA was undertaken in R. The primary outcome was c-peptide and interventions were analysed by class. Result(s): Sixty trials were included (4597 patients, 32 classes) plus 43 ongoing/unpublished studies. Forty-one trials were eligible for the NMA. Eleven interventions demonstrated statistically significantly higher c-peptide at 12 months compared with placebo: MSC; both autologous and Wharton's jelly-derived cells, azathioprine, interferon alpha (5000 IU), dendritic cells, golimumab, low-dose ATG, 3 mg 1-course teplizumab, baricitinib, cyclosporin and 9/11 mg 2-course teplizumab (I2 = 66%). All these interventions, except for 9/11 mg 2-course teplizumab and cyclosporin, demonstrated >60% chance of being ranked first. Infusion of MSC (Wharton's jelly-derived) ranked highest (median rank 1, 95% CI 1-2). Few studies were considered high risk of bias overall. Conclusion(s): Whilst several interventions demonstrated statistically significantly better c-peptide levels at 12 months, the findings should be interpreted with caution. Heterogeneity was evident and some comparisons were based on limited data. However, these findings identify the most promising of therapies that should be studied further in head-to-head and combination RCTs.

DOI: 10.1111/dme.15498

Improving oxygen prescription compliance on acute medical wards at the Royal Shrewsbury Hospital (2025)

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Type of publication:

Service improvement case study

Author(s):

*Jeyapradeeban Arunachalam, *Evelyn Shennaike, *Omolola Awe, *Muhammad Ali

Citation:

SaTH Improvement Hub, December 2025

SMART Aim:

To increase the proportion of acute medical inpatients receiving oxygen who have a valid oxygen prescription (signed, dated, with an identifiable prescriber and target saturation range) from 10.8% to at least 20% within 4 weeks on the acute medical wards at RSH.

Link to PDF poster